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Figure 1-26. The logic- and type-coupling planes of coupling space The fifth dimension in coupling space signature coupling requires you to graph a single axis, or just a single scalar value. You can use Ll, La, Ta, Tu, and s as unit vectors in your coupling space because, in linear algebra terms, they are linearly independent. Given two entities P and Q of a vector space, they are said to be linearly independent if one can t be written as a linear combination of the other. In other words, there are no values that added to or multiplied by P can give Q. How do you measure coupling for each dimension The previous material in this chapter has provided qualitative information about coupling, but not quantitative. The approach I ll use to measure coupling for a given dimension is to count every single occurrence of coupling in that dimension. For example, in the ATC dimension, you count every ambiguous reference to all external types. If a class T1 has two ambiguous references to class T2 and three to class T3, you would say that T1 s ATC value is 5, assuming T1 has no other ambiguous references to other classes. If you find three algorithms in T1 that are logically coupled to three algorithms in T2, you say that T1 s ALC value is 3, again assuming T1 has no other logic coupling to other classes. The same approach applies to the other three coupling dimensions. You get the value of coupling for each dimension by counting coupling occurrences, so the domain for each dimension is the set of all non-negative integers. The value must be zero or greater

INDEX_NAME ----------------------CUST_ACCOUNT_MANAGER_IX CUST_LNAME_IX CUST_EMAIL_IX INVENTORY_PK INVENTORY_PK INV_PRODUCT_IX ORDER_PK ORD_SALES_REP_IX ORD_CUSTOMER_IX SQL>

You can identify composite keys easily by looking in the INDEX_NAME column. If the same INDEX_NAME entry appears more than once, it s a composite key, and you can see the columns that are part of the key in the COLUMN_NAME column. For example, INVENTORY_PK is the primary key of the INVENTORIES table and is defined on two columns: PRODUCT_ID and WAREHOUSE_ID. You can glean the order of the two columns in a composite key by looking at the COLUMN_POSITION column.

The INDEX_STATS view is useful for seeing how efficiently an index is using its space. Large indexes have a tendency to become unbalanced over time if many deletions are in the table (and therefore index) data. Your goal is to keep an eye on those large indexes with a view to keeping them balanced. Note that the INDEX_STATS view is populated only if the table has been analyzed by using the ANALYZE command, as follows: SQL> ANALYZE index hr.emp_name_ix VALIDATE STRUCTURE; Index analyzed. The query in Listing 7-26 using the INDEX_STATS view helps determine whether you need to rebuild the index. In the query, you should focus on the following columns in the INDEX_STATS view to determine if your index is a candidate for a rebuild: HEIGHT: This column refers to the height of the B-tree index, and it s usually at the 1, 2, or 3 level. If large inserts push the index height beyond a level of 4, it s time to rebuild, which flattens the B-tree. DEL_LF_ROWS: This is the number of leaf nodes deleted due to the deletion of rows. Oracle doesn t rebuild indexes automatically and, consequently, too many deleted leaf rows can lead to an unbalanced B-tree. BLK_GETS_PER_ACCESS: You can look at the BLK_GETS_PER_ACCESS column to see how much logical I/O it takes to retrieve data from the index. If this row shows a double-digit number, you should probably start rebuilding the index.

Figure 10-50. Predictable objects and connections can be shown with dotted outlines. The system can evolve by creating new objects and connections. A DynamicBinder controls the connections in the system. Figure 10-50 tells you that at startup time, c2 is created and wired to c1, because pin 1 is the default position of SW1. At some point after startup, the object c4 is created and the signal S1 is sent to the DynamicBinder to connect c1 to c4. The lines associated with c4 are dotted to indicate parts that aren t created when the system first starts up but are expected to be created if the right conditions occur. Although the diagram doesn t show when c4 is created, you should infer that c4 will exist when the switch routes N1 to pin 2. You could implement the system with two pair of builders and binders: a static pair for the startup configuration, and a dynamic pair to handle the system changes at run time. Listing 10-49 and Listing 10-50 show how you might implement the static Builder and Binder in C# and VB .NET for such a system. Listing 10-49. The C# Implementation of Static Builder and Binder public class Builder { public C1 c1; public C2 c2; public C3 c3; public Binder binder; public DynamicBuilder dynamicBuilder; public DynamicBinder dynamicBinder; public { c1 = c2 = c3 = void Build() new C1(); new C2(); new C3();