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When you start an instance in Oracle, the instance takes a certain amount of memory from the operating system s RAM the amount is based on the size of the SGA component in the initialization file When the instance is shut down, the memory used by the SGA goes back to the host system The SGA isn t a homogeneous entity; rather, it s a combination of several memory structures The following are the main components of the SGA: Database buffer cache: Holds copies of data blocks read from datafiles Shared pool: Contains the library cache for storing SQL and PL/SQL parsed code in order to share it among users It also contains the data dictionary cache, which holds key data dictionary information Redo log buffer: Contains the information necessary to reconstruct changes made to the database by DML operations.

This information is then recorded in the redo logs by the log writer Java pool: Represents the heap space for instantiating your java objects Large pool: Stores large memory allocations, such as RMAN backup buffers Streams pool: Supports the Oracle Streams feature When you start the Oracle instance, Oracle allocates memory as needed until it reaches the size set in the MEMORY_TARGET initialization parameter, which sets the limit for the total memory allocation If your total memory allocation is already at the MEMORY_TARGET limit, you can t dynamically increase memory to any memory component without decreasing some other component s memory allocation Oracle does allow you to exchange the memory from one dynamically sizable memory component to another For example, you can increase the memory assigned to the buffer cache by taking it from the shared pool.

Figure 10-54. Using routers to control interlayer communication The routers in the diagram act as gateways between layers. All signals crossing a layer boundary are channeled through a specific Router, which acts much like a hardware connector. If you disconnect the Router, all traffic with the adjoining layer is cut off. Using a Router like this makes it very convenient for debugging and system monitoring, because all signals between layers travel through a single object.

If you have certain jobs run only at specified times of the day, you can write a simple script that runs before the job executes and modifies the allocation of memory among the various.

B, and transaction B completes successfully and is committed. If transaction A has read the data before transaction B has fully completed, it might end up with intermediate data. The lost update anomaly occurs because two users have updated the same row, and since the second update overwrites the first, the first update is lost. Allowing transactions to read and update a table before the completion of another transaction causes the problem in this case.

When a transaction finds that data it has read previously has been modified by some other transaction, you have a nonrepeatable-read (or fuzzy-read) problem. Suppose you access a table s data at a certain point in time, and then you try to access the same data a little later, only to find that the data values are different the second time around. This inconsistent data during the same transaction causes a nonrepeatable-read problem.

You can also use routers as intermediate forwarders of notifications, as shown in Figure 10-55. Routers may support message filters or rules to constrain notification delivery. Routers have been appearing in component systems for some time. For example, they re used in the EBI framework.7 Routers are also somewhat similar to the connectors used in C28 to interconnect layers in a GUI system.